The South-Western Farmer and American Horticulturist du lieu suivant : Wichita, Kansas • 2

THE SOUTHWESTERN FARMER. AGRICULTURAL. .1 cuts down a tree lie always plants another. As soon as one crop is harvested the soil Is worked over, ma-, hured, and forthwith resown to another crop. It is estimated that nine-tenths' of tho agricultural land of Japan are, devoted to rice, and as this is a crop requiring much water the paddy-fields are banked up into terraces, one above another, and divided off into small, plots twenty-five feet or thirty feet: square, with ridges of earth between them to prevent the water from flowing away when they are flooded.

All, farming lands are irrigated by a sys-J tem that is a thousand years old. Somei of the ditches are walled up with barn boo wicker-work and some with tilesi and stone. According to official statls- 11,400,000 men and 10,948,000 women nearly half the total population of Japan are engaged in agricul-S ture. Silk and tea, the two chief ex-t ports of the country, are raised almost; tho work of women." i ft short term of years by a due preparation of th soil and after care. This (preparation consists of thorough plow-Ing fertilizing and proper selection of jthe varieties of grass.

Draining is indispensable if the soil is not naturally drained, for In such cases the land may very easily be too dry for the growth jot grass at one time, and at another itime may be too wet and sodden, and (drainage often tends to render the soil moist by conserving the and preventing too rapid evaporation. Moreover, a wet pasture is always Injured most seriously by the tramping of animals and the poaching of the ground. Preservation. When by the skill of (the farmer the pasture has been made, jits preservation is not to be neglected. It will not do to leave it to its chances.

It must be fed quite as much as the animals that feed upon it. It must be repaired continually by fresh seed and fertilizers, as time and season may Wake inroads upon it. To leave any (pasture without due care to avoid certain injury by neglect is to encourage the loss of the grass and the substitution of weeds for it. And In addition it must be so used as to give all needed (opportunities for the grass to make (sufficient growth before it is eaten down jat the beginning of the feeding season. This is an important consideration at this time.

Irrigated Nebraska. 1 The greatest need of irrigation is when the growing crop demands moist-jtire for its support, says -a writer In World-Herald. The condition prevails more generally during the months of July and August than in the preceding jnonths. Careful farmers have said Ithat they were not greatly concerned about the moisture conditions during the spring season, that more was sure to be had and les3 needed during, this period than later when the crop was growing and when the influences of evaporation are greatest. The critical period with the cord crop is at hand; if seasonable showers supply surfac moisture the corn crop will be a bountiful one.

The greatest corn crop prospect ever seen In the corn country of the Missouri valley was during the month' of July in 1894. The seasonable showers had carried ail immense growth of the plant up to the beginning of the drouth, when there was little if any under moisture to assist. When the hot blistering winds which followed commenced their ruinous work on vegetation, the crop was left to the mercy of this unfavorable condition of the 'elements and the evident lack of under moisture then became manifest. Irrigation Is a permanency in crop growing; it is not a conditional improvement, where agriculture la made a business. There is not a seAson in which irrigation is not needed l.u order to ac-iquire the best results in crop growth.

A few days of hot, windy Weather will check the growth of any crop where artificial moisture cannot be called ln-to use. It matters not what Influences of drouth are presented, the remedy is hand to avert crop loss and the farmer rests easy knowing that his substitute is sufficient to provide all the requirements of the crop in a successful growth and bountiful yield. Irrigated Nebraska will raise a great crop this year, and in the years to come will its influence add to the sure crop areag of the state by a widening out of th irrigated districts. LL" the work thus far done at the Arl-; zona Agricultural Experiment Sta-: tion, located at Tucson, has led Prof. Forbes, the! chemist of the st.a-i tion, to deduct the; following conclusions respecting! this important industry, as set forth in Bulletin No.

21 of this station, just issued: 1. Canaigre isbestadaptedto the mild, drv. sunny winter climate of the soutli-j v.t-l. Although it will endure frost,) and will grow in rainy region 3, it does cot promise good results in these un- congenial situations. 2.

Canaigre roots and leaves arc damaged to some extent by insects, but the plant is not known to be seriously threatened by them. 3. Canaigre tanning materials are found throughout the plant, being in; greatest quanitity in the central portions of the roots. 1. The tanning materials form rapidly during the first year of growth, showing a small percentage increase after the first year, and as long as the root retains its vitality.

5. During the dormant summer peri od of the plant, the tanning materials' seem slightly to inereaso in young roots. Sprouting does not affect the, quantity of tanning materials. The evidence thus far does not show that irrigation lessens the percentage of tan- ning materials. C.

Heat, air, and fermentation, acting on either roots or extracts, nil de-. Uroy canaigre tannins materials. 7. The red and yellow coloring mailers of canaigre affect tho quality of rather produced. Tho red matters are' desirable and nre formed chiefly the wild crop.

They are not present In quantity in cultivated roots. This fact Is considered an Improvement in the quality of the root for tanning purposes. 8. The sugar contained in canaigre fives roots and extracts their "plump Ing" qualities. If properly managed it is a valuable factor in the production of heavy leathers.

3. Canaigre bagasse, properly prepared, should bo about equal to mes-qulte wood in fuel value. When well rotted it ought also to have consider able value aa a fertilizer. It promises little as a stock food. 10.

Canaigre draws heavily upon tho soli, especially for nitrogen. Its total drain is about twice aa costly as that of sugar beets. What Foreit Tree to riant. The question arises, what shall we plant? There are so many general kinds of trees and varieties of each' that the matter is very much simpli-j fied when wo know that tho number of species adapted to any soil and locality Is comparatively few. Prof; Brewer of Yale college, in Walkers Statistical Atlas, says that In the, United States wo have only 300 Indigenous species that in full growth reach thirty feet in height, and in tho region including our own state we have but sixty to sixty-five species that reach fifty feet in height.

Different 'species are found on different geological strata, so that in connection with the question "what to plant?" we may profitably consult our geology and original forest growth. Other species may, do well, but we must mv them before trying them extensively. Our, original forests have furnished excel- lent timber of white, burr, red and yel-v low oak, two or three species of black walnut, chestnut, cachet which, if planted well and cared for, In a comparatively short time, furnish timber for many purposes. Then, we have several species of as pines, spruces and larches, each of which has been tried in other-eonntries, and somewhat in this, and-have done well. These could be tried on toils net too fertile, and will sue-' ct-f d.

Larches especially will grow almost nnywhre. One man Nantucket planted 10,00 in 1S77. Tho locust has ben tried and dues well; but best of fill, p'uhaps. is tho Catalpa speeiosa, cr itaidy ratalp.t as It is known and distinguished from hi -tnouioiileg, width Is-much less hardy, and of which it is a-verMy, In lower grounds elms, and ten willows, might be planted with profit. Prof.

C. I. Ingerroll. -Tobacco Doit Ai an Insecticide. Mr.

T. Greiner, one of Americas leading authorities, says: "For some years I have been using and recommending tobacco dust as an all-round insect destroyer. I use it In the greenhouse for lice (aphis), in the open ground for the bettle, plant lice, and for worms of all kinds, and sometimes in tho hen-house for lice, etc. It is surely, one ofthe swiftest of all insecticides we cad apply, almost or fully equal to buhach. If sifted or scattered over currant bushes the currant worms will curl up and die, and the bushes will be free from the pest within an hour or and fall from them for some time.

If1 blown Into the heart of cabbage plants vt means the end of the green worm. 'Applied in the same way to the nests of the caterpillars (and the trees all around us at this time are full of them) especially in the morning or evening, when the worms are all at home, it will clear them out for good in less than an hour. In short, I hardly know what -worm or other soft-bodied insect the 'contact with tobacco dust would not speedily kill. I believe it will even put an end to tbe potato bug. It Is distasteful to many hard shell beetles also, as may be seen by the fact that with heavy applications we can drive away, the cucumber beetle (and perhaps the, squash hug).

The flea beetle, unfortunately, is not so easily conquered, even1 If it does not like tobacco smell. tobacco dust must bo considered a most excellent Insecticide, and as it is not expensive (in some cases, perhaps, the sweepings of cigar factories, will do and can be had for the I every soil tiller should keep it 'on hand. I have usually applied tobacco dust with the bare hands, scattering it rather freely over the bushes and plants, and around cucumbers, melon and squash vines, even an inch deep on. the ground. The stuff is worth nearlyi the full price asked for it ($3 per barrel, or so) as a fertilizer, and I have not felt the necessity of using it in a particularly economical manner.

For cabbage and caterpillar nests, however, hand bellows of some kind are almost necessary, as we want to blow the dust well amongst the leaves and the webs. The ordinary cheap hand bellows, as offered for sale by seedsmen and hardware stores, will do very well for cabbage. Agricultural Exports. The high-water mark of the exportation of agricultural products from the United States was reached in 1892, when they reached the enormous value of In 1895 they had fallen to 3553,215,317. This is enough to 'a substantial difference with our farm-lers, for 3240,000,000 don't grow on 'every bush, and most of the hushes ihsve been picked.

Ex. 11. The utility of canaigre Is dcm-. onstrated. Properly handled it produces unusual variety of leathers of excellent quality.

12. The agriculture of canaigre is vet Jn Its cxiriim ntal stage. A fair estimate shows that it will be necessary to produce an annual crop of about eeven tons, or biennial crop of about thirteen tons an acre in order to equal the profits of sugar beet culture. On present evidence this yield seems highly probable, but, so far as known, has not yet been demonstrated. Hi Faitur.

There is no other part of farm management that is so often made unprofitable by neglect ab pasturing, and there Is no other that may be made more profitable, truly suys a recognized authority in tho "Country Gentleman. It la one of the most convenient methods of gathering and using the product of tho soil, and the animals do better on this natural feeding than on any artificial substitute for it. But unless the pasture is in the best possible condition the profit of it is greatly reduced or wholly lost and the use of the land becomes wasteful. Natural Das tine. Pastures may be pennuuent or temporary.

The permanent pasture is. however, not so well suited to our climate as In countries wheie the summer Is cooler and the rainfall is greater in the summer, for nothing mere conduces to the growth grass than moistureand coolness. The best soil cannot produce grass without tho requisite supply of moisture, and if this bo provided, either naturally or artificially by irrigation, the heat of Jim climate becomes a secondary consideration. But It is also true that the condition of the land may have much lo do with this supply of indispensable moisture, for it may be made so hiueh more retentive of its water as to greatly overcome the tendency to evaporation by the excessive heats of the summer. Thus we find such localities as that known as the blue grass region of Kentucky, in which the soil is so well suited to the growth ot grass and so retentive of the needed moisture as to produce the finest pasture and maintain it in tho best condition for a century.

There are found fields that have pever been broken by the plow. In which the native grass at first took complete possession and has kept It and promises to keep it in perennial verdure. This, however, is one of the rare instances on this continent of such favorable conditions of soil and climate, for elsewhere the greatest skill thardly prevails against the natural obstacles to the maintenance of permanent pasturage. Preparation. But it is not at all difficult to.

make a profitable pasture tor Why the Min Until every farmer a silo, it is in order to preach iliu bio, ro we beg those who have silcs to bear with us df we seem to repeat rclf-cvldcnt truths, 'Says Jersey Dulbtlu. Kenu-mber what an awful lot of preaching It takes to have a few- sinners, and have or do better, u.s spread the 1. The bio stores away corn more! jsafely and more permanently than any, other plan. Silage is practically fire- and will keep in the silo indefinitely. 2.

Corn can be made into silage at less expense than it can be preserved in any other form. 3. The silo preserves absolutely all but the roots of the corn. 4. Silage can 1 made in sunshine or in rain.

UnLko tuv, it is independent of tho vyf mkcr. 5. When corn is ready for the silo) there is but little farm work pressing. 6. Corn is worth more to the dairy as 'silage than in any other form.

7. At least one-third more corn per tacre may be fed on silage than on dried cornstalks or fodder. 8. Corn is fed more conveniently as silage than in any other form. 9.

Silage is most value when fed in combination with other food richer in protein. It is not complete food. 10. Owing to its succulence and bulk-, iness, silage is the best known suhsti-t tute for green grass, and is therefore, especially valuable as a winter food. I.lttl For an In Japan The London Times says: "Japan, ind not France or Belgium, would appear to be the land of petite culture.

According to a recent American bulletin a couple of acres Is considered a large tract for farming purposes. Most cf tho farms are smaller, and on a little plot a surprising variety of crops is cultivated a few square feet of wheat, barley, maize and millet; a S.ot of beans perhaps ten feet wide by twenty feet long, a similar area of potatoes and peas, and a patch of onions 'about a3 big as a beetroot, lettuce, turnips, sweet potatoes and other crops occupy the rest of the area. The farmer examines his growing crops every just as an engluoer Inspects his machinery, and if anything Is wrong he put? it right. If a weed appears In the bean patch he pulls it up; If a hill of potatoes or anything pio falls Jt isst once replanted. 1 People will not pay 25 cents tor IQ cent butter..